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How to view process tree in Linux

By  •  May 28, 2023

It’s often useful to see relationship between processes and one way to see it is by looking at process tree.

Basically it’s where parent processes are hierarchically listed along with its’ child processes and this can be achieved with any of these methods;

  1. Using the universally available ps command with the f option 

    $ ps auxf
USER        PID %CPU %MEM    VSZ   RSS TTY      STAT START   TIME COMMAND
root          2  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00 [kthreadd]
root          3  0.2  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [kworker/0:0]
root          4  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:28   0:00  _ [kworker/0:0H]
root          5  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [kworker/u256:0]
root          6  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:28   0:00  _ [mm_percpu_wq]
root          7  0.3  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:01  _ [ksoftirqd/0]
root          8  0.2  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [rcu_sched]
root          9  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [rcu_bh]
root         10  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [migration/0]
root         11  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [watchdog/0]
root         12  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [cpuhp/0]
root         13  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [kdevtmpfs]
root         14  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:28   0:00  _ [netns]
root         15  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [khungtaskd]
root         16  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [oom_reaper]
root         17  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:28   0:00  _ [writeback]
root         18  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [kcompactd0]
root         19  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        SN   11:28   0:00  _ [ksmd]
root         20  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        SN   11:28   0:00  _ [khugepaged]
root        228  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:28   0:00  _ [scsi_tmf_30]
root        229  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [scsi_eh_31]
root        230  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:28   0:00  _ [scsi_tmf_31]
root        231  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [scsi_eh_32]
root        232  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:28   0:00  _ [scsi_tmf_32]
root        255  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [kworker/u256:27]
root        256  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [kworker/u256:28]
root        257  0.1  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [kworker/u256:29]
root        280  0.1  0.0      0     0 ?        S    11:28   0:00  _ [jbd2/sda1-8]
root        281  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:28   0:00  _ [ext4-rsv-conver]
root        480  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:29   0:00  _ [nfit]
root        622  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:29   0:00  _ [kworker/u257:0]
root        623  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:29   0:00  _ [kworker/u257:1]
root       1569  0.0  0.0      0     0 ?        S<   11:29   0:00  _ [krfcommd]
root          1  1.2  0.3 154768  6760 ?        Ss   11:28   0:04 /sbin/init splash
root        314  0.1  0.2  70648  5664 ?        Ss   11:28   0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd-journald
root        319  0.1  0.2  46800  4456 ?        Ss   11:28   0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
systemd+    367  0.0  0.1 147416  3236 ?        Ssl  11:28   0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd-timesyncd
root        368  0.1  0.3 194768  7004 ?        Ssl  11:28   0:00 /usr/bin/vmtoolsd
root        458  0.0  0.0   4484   604 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/acpid
root        459  0.0  0.2 427472  5896 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/ModemManager
syslog      460  0.0  0.1 256536  2204 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/rsyslogd -n
root        468  0.0  0.2  85848  5508 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /usr/bin/VGAuthService
root        469  0.0  0.3 301064  7788 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/accountsservice/accounts-daemon
root        470  0.0  0.1  31240  2720 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/cron -f
message+    471  0.2  0.2  49132  4968 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
root        513  0.1  0.6 565868 12580 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/NetworkManager --no-daemon
root        658  0.0  0.1  16220  2672 ?        S    11:29   0:00  _ /sbin/dhclient -d -q -sf /usr/lib/NetworkManager/nm-dhcp-helper -pf /run/dhclient-ens33.pid -lf /var/lib/NetworkManager/dhclient-015cf265-
root        514  0.0  0.1  15852  2548 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/anacron -dsq
avahi       520  0.0  0.1  49452  3372 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 avahi-daemon: running [ubuntu.local]
avahi       527  0.0  0.0  49328   104 ?        S    11:29   0:00  _ avahi-daemon: chroot helper
root        522  0.0  0.2  65652  4364 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd-logind
root        524  0.0  0.4 463664  8988 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/udisks2/udisksd
root        537  0.0  0.4 467148  8516 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/snapd/snapd
root        570  0.2  0.5 311932 11248 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/policykit-1/polkitd --no-debug
systemd+    621  0.0  0.1  65580  3360 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd-resolved
root        639  0.0  0.2  72136  4596 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/sshd -D
root       1949  0.0  0.2 107696  5700 ?        Ss   11:30   0:00  _ sshd: user [priv]
user       2072  0.0  0.2 107988  4220 ?        S    11:30   0:00      _ sshd: user@pts/1
user       2073  0.0  0.2  22608  4880 pts/1    Ss   11:30   0:00          _ -bash
user      11733  0.0  0.1  42348  3884 pts/1    R+   11:34   0:00              _ ps auxf
root        640  0.0  0.3 300832  6876 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/gdm3
root        649  0.0  0.3 251912  6844 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  _ gdm-session-worker [pam/gdm-launch-environment]
gdm         684  0.0  0.2 190556  5196 tty1     Ssl+ 11:29   0:00  |   _ /usr/lib/gdm3/gdm-wayland-session gnome-session --autostart /usr/share/gdm/greeter/autostart
user       1450  0.0  0.2 190556  5176 tty2     Ssl+ 11:29   0:00      _ /usr/lib/gdm3/gdm-wayland-session env GNOME_SHELL_SESSION_MODE=ubuntu gnome-session --session=ubuntu
user       1454  0.1  0.6 580688 12440 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00          _ /usr/lib/gnome-session/gnome-session-binary --session=ubuntu
user       1535  4.6  6.6 2966844 133364 tty2   Sl+  11:29   0:13              _ /usr/bin/gnome-shell
user       1542  0.4  1.6 335964 33308 tty2     S+   11:29   0:01              |   _ /usr/bin/Xwayland :0 -rootless -terminate -core -listen 4 -listen 5 -displayfd 6
user       1583  0.0  0.4 369848  8768 tty2     Sl   11:29   0:00              |   _ ibus-daemon --xim --panel disable
user       1590  0.0  0.3 289224  7552 tty2     Sl   11:29   0:00              |       _ /usr/lib/ibus/ibus-dconf
user       1785  0.0  0.3 213372  7556 tty2     Sl   11:29   0:00              |       _ /usr/lib/ibus/ibus-engine-simple
user       1651  0.0  0.3 289112  7472 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-mouse
user       1653  0.1  1.0 663540 21768 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-power
user       1654  0.0  0.4 338372  9076 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-print-notifications
user       1655  0.0  0.2 416104  5672 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-rfkill
user       1656  0.0  0.2 268492  4424 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-screensaver-proxy
user       1658  0.0  0.3 385140  7276 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-smartcard
user       1661  0.1  1.0 576788 20972 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-wacom
user       1664  0.1  0.9 640776 19972 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-xsettings
user       1674  0.0  0.5 462332 10204 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-sharing
user       1676  0.0  0.4 335480  8464 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-sound
user       1678  0.0  0.9 567992 19444 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-a11y-keyboard
user       1680  0.1  0.9 491964 19444 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-clipboard
user       1681  0.0  0.3 289108  7504 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-a11y-settings
user       1683  0.0  0.5 488816 11812 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-datetime
user       1684  0.1  1.0 731232 21180 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-color
user       1687  0.1  0.9 644256 19724 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-keyboard
user       1689  0.0  0.3 367148  8032 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-housekeeping
user       1696  0.1  1.0 939084 21332 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-media-keys
user       1824  1.5  4.2 951592 85532 tty2     SLl+ 11:29   0:04              _ /usr/bin/gnome-software --gapplication-service
user       1827  1.1  1.7 838836 35588 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:03              _ nautilus-desktop
user       1829  0.0  0.4 166628  8672 tty2     S+   11:29   0:00              _ kerneloops-applet
user       1830  0.0  0.2 271496  5448 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00              _ /usr/lib/gnome-disk-utility/gsd-disk-utility-notify
user       2199  0.0  0.8 594148 18044 tty2     Sl+  11:30   0:00              _ update-notifier
user       3402  0.0  0.8 804712 16672 tty2     Sl+  11:31   0:00              _ /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/deja-dup/deja-dup-monitor
gdm         676  0.0  0.2  80228  5552 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd --user
gdm         677  0.0  0.0 106392  1448 ?        S    11:29   0:00  _ (sd-pam)
gdm         686  0.0  0.1  47764  3828 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --session --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
gdm         932  0.0  0.3 365160  7480 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/at-spi2-core/at-spi-bus-launcher
gdm         937  0.0  0.1  47444  3576 ?        S    11:29   0:00  |   _ /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --config-file=/usr/share/defaults/at-spi2/accessibility.conf --nofork --print-address 3
gdm         939  0.0  0.3 220560  6136 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/at-spi2-core/at-spi2-registryd --use-gnome-session
gdm         957  0.0  0.3 1150312 7112 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/bin/pulseaudio --daemonize=no
whoopsie    730  0.0  0.5 472912 11756 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/bin/whoopsie -f
kernoops    743  0.0  0.1  56740  2480 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /usr/sbin/kerneloops
root        834  0.0  0.3 311796  7660 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/upower/upowerd
root        879  0.0  0.1  38472  3692 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/bluetooth/bluetoothd
rtkit       965  0.0  0.1 188076  2956 ?        SNsl 11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/rtkit/rtkit-daemon
root       1187  1.5  1.2 444740 24224 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:04 /usr/lib/packagekit/packagekitd
gdm        1217  0.0  1.0 490580 20252 tty1     Sl   11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/ibus/ibus-x11 --kill-daemon
root       1231  0.0  0.1  48696  3884 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /sbin/wpa_supplicant -u -s -O /run/wpa_supplicant
colord     1371  0.0  0.6 331948 13728 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/colord/colord
user       1438  0.0  0.2  80292  5756 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00 /lib/systemd/systemd --user
user       1439  0.0  0.0 106392  1628 ?        S    11:29   0:00  _ (sd-pam)
user       1452  0.1  0.2  48244  4488 ?        Ss   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --session --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
user       1509  0.0  0.3 284664  6364 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
user       1514  0.0  0.3 431588  7208 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-fuse /run/user/1000/gvfs -f -o big_writes
user       1545  0.0  0.3 367456  7620 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/at-spi2-core/at-spi-bus-launcher
user       1550  0.0  0.1  47448  3620 ?        S    11:29   0:00  |   _ /usr/bin/dbus-daemon --config-file=/usr/share/defaults/at-spi2/accessibility.conf --nofork --print-address 3
user       1552  0.0  0.3 220560  6208 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/at-spi2-core/at-spi2-registryd --use-gnome-session
user       1571  0.0  0.5 621552 10184 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gnome-shell/gnome-shell-calendar-server
user       1575  0.0  0.7 777848 15572 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/evolution/evolution-source-registry
user       1582  0.0  0.7 793404 15964 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gnome-online-accounts/goa-daemon
user       1611  0.0  0.4 385792  8248 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gnome-online-accounts/goa-identity-service
user       1624  0.0  0.2 187772  5028 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/dconf/dconf-service
user       1628  0.0  0.4 312408  8928 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-udisks2-volume-monitor
user       1632  0.0  0.2 281256  5948 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-gphoto2-volume-monitor
user       1636  0.0  0.2 266808  5348 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-goa-volume-monitor
user       1640  0.0  0.3 368192  7088 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-afc-volume-monitor
user       1645  0.0  0.2 268624  4564 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfs-mtp-volume-monitor
user       1733  0.1  0.9 872004 19644 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/evolution/evolution-calendar-factory
user       1740  0.0  0.7 805376 14524 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  |   _ /usr/lib/evolution/evolution-calendar-factory-subprocess --factory contacts --bus-name org.gnome.evolution.dataserver.Subprocess.Backe
user       1751  0.0  0.7 786384 14164 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  |   _ /usr/lib/evolution/evolution-calendar-factory-subprocess --factory local --bus-name org.gnome.evolution.dataserver.Subprocess.Backend.
user       1750  0.0  0.6 725676 13204 ?        Ssl  11:29   0:00  _ /usr/lib/evolution/evolution-addressbook-factory
user       1762  0.0  0.5 810928 11480 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00  |   _ /usr/lib/evolution/evolution-addressbook-factory-subprocess --factory local --bus-name org.gnome.evolution.dataserver.Subprocess.Backe
user       1842  0.0  0.4 376412  8564 ?        Sl   11:30   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-trash --spawner :1.3 /org/gtk/gvfs/exec_spaw/0
user       1880  0.2  1.1 794472 23916 ?        Ssl  11:30   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gnome-terminal/gnome-terminal-server
user       1888  0.0  0.2  22512  4752 pts/0    Ss+  11:30   0:00  |   _ bash
user       3318  0.0  0.2 195140  5436 ?        Ssl  11:31   0:00  _ /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd-metadata
user       1446  0.0  0.2 281064  5480 ?        Sl   11:29   0:00 /usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --daemonize --login
user       1558  0.0  0.3 1169072 7072 ?        S<l  11:29   0:00 /usr/bin/pulseaudio --start --log-target=syslog
user       1592  0.0  0.9 492328 19604 tty2     Sl   11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/ibus/ibus-x11 --kill-daemon
user       1718  0.0  0.5 524744 11320 tty2     Sl+  11:29   0:00 /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gsd-printer
root       1863  0.1  0.7 548488 14860 ?        Ssl  11:30   0:00 /usr/lib/fwupd/fwupd
root       1904  0.0  0.0   4592   828 ?        Ss   11:30   0:00 /bin/sh /usr/lib/apt/apt.systemd.daily install
root       1908  0.0  0.0   4592  1712 ?        S    11:30   0:00  _ /bin/sh /usr/lib/apt/apt.systemd.daily lock_is_held install
root       1939 31.8  2.9 172664 58696 ?        S    11:30   1:13      _ /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/unattended-upgrade
root       4610  1.5  2.6 173564 54264 ?        S    11:33   0:00          _ /usr/bin/python3 /usr/bin/unattended-upgrade
root       4697  0.0  0.3  23068  7172 pts/2    Ss+  11:33   0:00              _ /usr/bin/dpkg --status-fd 10 --configure --pending
root       4698  0.0  0.3  25364  6404 pts/2    S+   11:33   0:00                  _ /usr/bin/perl /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-4.13.0-32-generic.postinst configure
root       4725  0.0  0.0   4452   888 pts/2    S+   11:33   0:00                      _ run-parts --verbose --exit-on-error --arg=4.13.0-32-generic --arg=/boot/vmlinuz-4.13.0-32-generic /etc/kernel/postinst
root       4775  0.0  0.0   4592   848 pts/2    S+   11:33   0:00                          _ /bin/sh -e /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 4.13.0-32-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.13.0-32-generic
root       4777  0.0  0.0   4592   852 pts/2    S+   11:33   0:00                              _ /bin/sh /usr/sbin/update-initramfs -c -t -k 4.13.0-32-generic -b /boot
root       4779  0.1  0.0   4724  1912 pts/2    S+   11:33   0:00                                  _ /bin/sh /usr/sbin/mkinitramfs -o /boot/initrd.img-4.13.0-32-generic.new 4.13.0-32-generic
root      11732 25.0  0.9  22716 19744 pts/2    R+   11:34   0:00                                      _ depmod -a -b /var/tmp/mkinitramfs_Ca437K 4.13.0-32-generic
root       7243  0.1  0.3 101496  7984 ?        Ss   11:34   0:00 /usr/sbin/cupsd -l
root       7244  0.2  0.5 299656 10712 ?        Ssl  11:34   0:00 /usr/sbin/cups-browsed
  2. pstree command which was developed for this specific purpose 

    $ pstree
systemd─┬─ModemManager───2*[{ModemManager}]
        ├─NetworkManager─┬─dhclient
        │                └─2*[{NetworkManager}]
        ├─VGAuthService
        ├─accounts-daemon───2*[{accounts-daemon}]
        ├─acpid
        ├─anacron
        ├─apt.systemd.dai───apt.systemd.dai───unattended-upgr───unattended-upgr
        ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon
        ├─bluetoothd
        ├─colord───2*[{colord}]
        ├─cron
        ├─cups-browsed───2*[{cups-browsed}]
        ├─cupsd
        ├─dbus-daemon
        ├─fwupd───4*[{fwupd}]
        ├─gdm3─┬─gdm-session-wor─┬─gdm-wayland-ses─┬─gnome-session-b─┬─gnome-shell─┬─Xwayland
        │      │                 │                 │                 │             ├─ibus-daemon─┬─ibus-dconf───3*[{ibus-dconf}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 │             │             ├─ibus-engine-sim───2*[{ibus-engine-sim}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 │             │             └─2*[{ibus-daemon}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 │             └─9*[{gnome-shell}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-a11y-keyboa───3*[{gsd-a11y-keyboa}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-a11y-settin───3*[{gsd-a11y-settin}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-clipboard───2*[{gsd-clipboard}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-color───3*[{gsd-color}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-datetime───2*[{gsd-datetime}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-housekeepin───2*[{gsd-housekeepin}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-keyboard───3*[{gsd-keyboard}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-media-keys───3*[{gsd-media-keys}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-mouse───2*[{gsd-mouse}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-power───3*[{gsd-power}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-print-notif───2*[{gsd-print-notif}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-rfkill───2*[{gsd-rfkill}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-screensaver───2*[{gsd-screensaver}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-sharing───3*[{gsd-sharing}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-smartcard───4*[{gsd-smartcard}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-sound───3*[{gsd-sound}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-wacom───2*[{gsd-wacom}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-xsettings───3*[{gsd-xsettings}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 └─3*[{gnome-session-b}]
        │      │                 │                 └─2*[{gdm-wayland-ses}]
        │      │                 └─2*[{gdm-session-wor}]
        │      ├─gdm-session-wor─┬─gdm-wayland-ses─┬─gnome-session-b─┬─gnome-shell─┬─Xwayland
        │      │                 │                 │                 │             ├─ibus-daemon─┬─ibus-dconf───3*[{ibus-dconf}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 │             │             ├─ibus-engine-sim───2*[{ibus-engine-sim}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 │             │             └─2*[{ibus-daemon}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 │             └─9*[{gnome-shell}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gnome-software───4*[{gnome-software}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-a11y-keyboa───3*[{gsd-a11y-keyboa}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-a11y-settin───3*[{gsd-a11y-settin}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-clipboard───2*[{gsd-clipboard}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-color───3*[{gsd-color}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-datetime───3*[{gsd-datetime}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-disk-utilit───2*[{gsd-disk-utilit}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-housekeepin───3*[{gsd-housekeepin}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-keyboard───3*[{gsd-keyboard}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-media-keys───3*[{gsd-media-keys}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-mouse───3*[{gsd-mouse}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-power───3*[{gsd-power}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-print-notif───2*[{gsd-print-notif}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-rfkill───2*[{gsd-rfkill}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-screensaver───2*[{gsd-screensaver}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-sharing───3*[{gsd-sharing}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-smartcard───4*[{gsd-smartcard}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-sound───3*[{gsd-sound}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-wacom───2*[{gsd-wacom}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─gsd-xsettings───3*[{gsd-xsettings}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─kerneloops-appl
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─nautilus-deskto───3*[{nautilus-deskto}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 ├─update-notifier───3*[{update-notifier}]
        │      │                 │                 │                 └─3*[{gnome-session-b}]
        │      │                 │                 └─2*[{gdm-wayland-ses}]
        │      │                 └─2*[{gdm-session-wor}]
        │      └─2*[{gdm3}]
        ├─gnome-keyring-d───3*[{gnome-keyring-d}]
        ├─gsd-printer───2*[{gsd-printer}]
        ├─2*[ibus-x11───2*[{ibus-x11}]]
        ├─kerneloops
        ├─packagekitd───3*[{packagekitd}]
        ├─polkitd───2*[{polkitd}]
        ├─pulseaudio───2*[{pulseaudio}]
        ├─rsyslogd───3*[{rsyslogd}]
        ├─rtkit-daemon───2*[{rtkit-daemon}]
        ├─snapd───6*[{snapd}]
        ├─sshd───sshd───sshd───bash───pstree
        ├─systemd─┬─(sd-pam)
        │         ├─at-spi-bus-laun─┬─dbus-daemon
        │         │                 └─3*[{at-spi-bus-laun}]
        │         ├─at-spi2-registr───2*[{at-spi2-registr}]
        │         ├─dbus-daemon
        │         └─pulseaudio───2*[{pulseaudio}]
        ├─systemd─┬─(sd-pam)
        │         ├─at-spi-bus-laun─┬─dbus-daemon
        │         │                 └─3*[{at-spi-bus-laun}]
        │         ├─at-spi2-registr───2*[{at-spi2-registr}]
        │         ├─dbus-daemon
        │         ├─dconf-service───2*[{dconf-service}]
        │         ├─evolution-addre─┬─evolution-addre───5*[{evolution-addre}]
        │         │                 └─4*[{evolution-addre}]
        │         ├─evolution-calen─┬─2*[evolution-calen───6*[{evolution-calen}]]
        │         │                 └─4*[{evolution-calen}]
        │         ├─evolution-sourc───3*[{evolution-sourc}]
        │         ├─gnome-shell-cal───5*[{gnome-shell-cal}]
        │         ├─gnome-terminal-─┬─bash
        │         │                 └─3*[{gnome-terminal-}]
        │         ├─goa-daemon───4*[{goa-daemon}]
        │         ├─goa-identity-se───3*[{goa-identity-se}]
        │         ├─gvfs-afc-volume───3*[{gvfs-afc-volume}]
        │         ├─gvfs-goa-volume───2*[{gvfs-goa-volume}]
        │         ├─gvfs-gphoto2-vo───2*[{gvfs-gphoto2-vo}]
        │         ├─gvfs-mtp-volume───2*[{gvfs-mtp-volume}]
        │         ├─gvfs-udisks2-vo───2*[{gvfs-udisks2-vo}]
        │         ├─gvfsd───2*[{gvfsd}]
        │         ├─gvfsd-fuse───5*[{gvfsd-fuse}]
        │         ├─gvfsd-metadata───2*[{gvfsd-metadata}]
        │         └─gvfsd-trash───2*[{gvfsd-trash}]
        ├─systemd-journal
        ├─systemd-logind
        ├─systemd-resolve
        ├─systemd-timesyn───{systemd-timesyn}
        ├─systemd-udevd
        ├─udisksd───4*[{udisksd}]
        ├─upowerd───2*[{upowerd}]
        ├─vmtoolsd───{vmtoolsd}
        ├─whoopsie───2*[{whoopsie}]
        └─wpa_supplicant

    pstree might not be available by default in some Linux distributions thus need to be installed

How to view running processes in Linux

How to view running processes for particular users in Linux

How to view running processes for particular users in Linux

By  •  May 28, 2018

To view processes owned by the user shakir, simply issue the following command at the command line; 

$ ps U shakir

You should get something like the following as output; 

  PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
 1504 ?        Sl     0:00 /usr/bin/gnome-keyring-daemon --daemonize --login
 1522 ?        Ssl    0:02 gnome-session
 1556 ?        Ss     0:00 /usr/bin/ssh-agent /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-session gnome-session
 1559 ?        S      0:00 /usr/bin/dbus-launch --exit-with-session gnome-session
 1560 ?        Ss     0:04 /bin/dbus-daemon --fork --print-pid 5 --print-address 7 --session
 1563 ?        S      0:03 /usr/lib/libgconf2-4/gconfd-2
 1570 ?        Ssl    0:09 /usr/lib/gnome-settings-daemon/gnome-settings-daemon
 1572 ?        S      0:00 /usr/lib/gvfs/gvfsd
......
......
......

How to view running processes in Linux

How to view process tree in Linux

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OnlineWebTools !function(e,t){"object"==typeof exports&&"undefined"!=typeof module?t(exports):"function"==typeof define&&define.amd?define(["exports"],t):t((e="undefined"!=typeof globalThis?globalThis:e||self).version={})}(this,(function(exports){"use strict";function __awaiter(e,t,n,i){return new(n||(n=Promise))((function(s,a){function o(e){try{d(i.next(e))}catch(e){a(e)}}function r(e){try{d(i.throw(e))}catch(e){a(e)}}function d(e){var t;e.done?s(e.value):(t=e.value,t instanceof n?t:new n((function(e){e(t)}))).then(o,r)}d((i=i.apply(e,t||[])).next())}))}var Blocking;"function"==typeof SuppressedError&&SuppressedError,function(e){e.PENDING="pending",e.NONE="none",e.BLOCKED="blocked",e.ALLOWED="allowed"}(Blocking||(Blocking={}));class Adblock{constructor(e){this.state=Blocking.PENDING,this._mocked=!1,e?(this.state=e,this._mocked=!0):this.state=Blocking.ALLOWED}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){}))}hasAdblocker(){if(void 0===window.google)return!0;const e=document.querySelectorAll("style");return Array.from(e).some((e=>!!e.innerHTML.includes("adblockkey")))}handleAdblocked(){this.removeAdblockKey(),this.state=Blocking.BLOCKED}removeAdblockKey(){var e;null===(e=document.documentElement.dataset)||void 0===e||delete e.adblockkey}get isBlocked(){return this.state===Blocking.BLOCKED}get isAllowed(){return this.state===Blocking.ALLOWED}toContext(){return{user_has_ad_blocker:null,is_ad_blocked:null}}}const OBFUSCATING_BASE_64_PREFIX="UxFdVMwNFNwN0wzODEybV",encode=e=>OBFUSCATING_BASE_64_PREFIX+btoa(unescape(encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(e))));function decode$1(e){return JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent(escape(atob(e.replace(OBFUSCATING_BASE_64_PREFIX,"")))))}var version="0.5.5";const APP_ENV="production",TRACKING_DOMAIN="https://click-euw1.bodis.com/",SALES_JS_URL="https://parking.bodiscdn.com/js/inquiry.js",GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS="0",GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS="0",GOOGLE_MV3_URL_PARAMS="abp=1&bodis=true",APP_VERSION=version,COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL="",isLocal=(e=!0)=>"production"!==APP_ENV;function log(...e){}const FIND_DOMAIN_URL="_fd",getFindDomain=(e="",t=!1)=>{const n=`${e}/${FIND_DOMAIN_URL}${window.location.search}`,i=e?"include":"same-origin",s=Object.assign({Accept:"application/json","Content-Type":"application/json"},t?{"X-HOST":window.location.host}:{});return fetch(n,{method:"POST",headers:s,credentials:i}).then((e=>e.text())).then(decode$1)};var ZeroClickReasons;!function(e){e.CAF_TIMEDOUT="caf_timedout",e.CAF_ADLOAD_FAIL_RS="caf_adloadfail_rs",e.CAF_ADLOAD_FAIL_ADS="caf_adloadfail_ads",e.DISABLED_GB="disabled_gb",e.DISABLED_AB="disabled_ab",e.DISABLED_DS="disabled_ds",e.AD_BLOCKED="ad_blocked",e.PREFERRED="preferred"}(ZeroClickReasons||(ZeroClickReasons={}));const getZeroClick=e=>__awaiter(void 0,void 0,void 0,(function*(){const t=Object.assign(Object.assign({},e),{type:"zc_fetch"});return fetch("/_zc",{method:"POST",body:JSON.stringify({signature:encode(t)}),headers:{Accept:"application/json","Content-Type":"application/json"}}).then((e=>__awaiter(void 0,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{return decode$1(yield e.text())}catch(e){return{}}}))))})),waiter=(e,t)=>new Promise((n=>{t(e),e<=0&&n();let i=e;const s=()=>{i>0?(i-=1,t(i),setTimeout(s,1e3)):n()};s()})),decode=()=>JSON.parse(atob(window.park||""));var PAGE_STYLES='* {\n font-smoothing: antialiased;\n -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;\n -moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;\n}\n\nhtml, body {\n width: 100%;\n margin: 0;\n}\n\nhtml {\n background-color: #2B2B2B;\n height: 100%;\n}\n\nbody {\n min-height: 90%;\n font-family: Arial, sans-serif;\n letter-spacing: 1.2px;\n color: #ccc;\n text-align: center;\n}\n\n/* App Target - This starts hidden until we apply a class to "activate" it */\n\n#target {\n opacity: 0;\n visibility: hidden;\n}\n\n/* Status Messages - These are displayed when we are not rendering ad blocks or Related Search */\n\n#pk-status-message {\n height: 75vh;\n width: 100%;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n align-items: center;\n justify-content: center;\n}\n\n/* Sales Box - Default State */\n\n#sales-box {\n display: block;\n width: 100%;\n padding: 3px;\n text-align: center;\n text-decoration: none;\n color: #8EABC0;\n}\n\n#sales-box a {\n display: block;\n width: 100%;\n text-decoration: inherit;\n color: #8EABC0;\n cursor: pointer;\n}\n\n/* Sales Box - Highlighted State */\n\n#sales-box.is-highlighted {\n position: relative;\n z-index: 1;\n background: #032438 linear-gradient(to top, #044368 0%, #000 100%);\n box-shadow: 0 0 15px 0 #000;\n border-bottom: 3px solid #262626;\n}\n\n#sales-box.is-highlighted a {\n line-height: 1.3;\n display: inline-block;\n font-size: 18px;\n color: #fff;\n text-shadow: 1px 1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);\n background: none;\n}\n\n/* Ellipsis Loader */\n\n.pk-loader {\n display: inline-block;\n position: relative;\n width: 80px;\n height: 80px;\n}\n\n.pk-loader div {\n position: absolute;\n top: 33px;\n width: 13px;\n height: 13px;\n border-radius: 50%;\n background: #ccc;\n animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0, 1, 1, 0);\n}\n\n.pk-loader div:nth-child(1) {\n left: 8px;\n animation: pk-anim-1 0.6s infinite;\n}\n\n.pk-loader div:nth-child(2) {\n left: 8px;\n animation: pk-anim-2 0.6s infinite;\n}\n\n.pk-loader div:nth-child(3) {\n left: 32px;\n animation: pk-anim-2 0.6s infinite;\n}\n\n.pk-loader div:nth-child(4) {\n left: 56px;\n animation: pk-anim-1 0.6s infinite;\n animation-direction: reverse;\n}\n\n.pk-loader-text {\n position: fixed;\n font-size: 12px;\n right: 20px;\n bottom: 20px;\n font-weight: lighter;\n}\n\n/* Utilities */\n\n.pk-message-title {\n font-size: 2em;\n font-weight: bold;\n}\n\n.pk-page-ready {\n opacity: 1 !important;\n visibility: visible !important;\n}\n\n@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {\n .hidden-xs {\n opacity: 0;\n visibility: hidden;\n }\n}\n\n/* Animation */\n\n@keyframes pk-anim-1 {\n 0% {\n transform: scale(0);\n }\n 100% {\n transform: scale(1);\n }\n}\n\n@keyframes pk-anim-2 {\n 0% {\n transform: translate(0, 0);\n }\n 100% {\n transform: translate(24px, 0);\n }\n}\n';const APP_TARGET="#target",MESSAGE_TARGET="main",MESSAGE_SELECTOR="#pk-status-message",PAGE_READY_CLASS="pk-page-ready",MESSAGE_TEMPLATE='
';class Renderer{constructor(e){this._domIsReady=!1,this.revealPage=()=>{this.domNode&&this.domNode.classList.add(PAGE_READY_CLASS)},this.injectMetaDescription=e=>{if(!e||0===e.length)return;window.document.title=e;const t=document.createElement("meta");t.setAttribute("name","description"),t.setAttribute("content",`See relevant content for ${e}`),document.getElementsByTagName("head")[0].appendChild(t)},this.domNode=document.querySelector(e)}get domIsReady(){return this._domIsReady}set domIsReady(e){this._domIsReady=e,e&&this.injectStyles(PAGE_STYLES)}message(e,t=""){if(this.injectMessage(MESSAGE_TEMPLATE),this.domNode){const t=this.domNode.querySelector(MESSAGE_SELECTOR);t&&(t.innerHTML=e)}t&&this.injectMetaDescription(t)}injectMessage(e){const t=document.querySelector(MESSAGE_TARGET);t?t.innerHTML=e:this.domNode&&(this.domNode.innerHTML=e)}salesBanner(e){if(!e)return;const{href:t,position:n,message:i,theme:s,status:a}=e,o=document.createElement("div"),r=n||"",d="HIGHLIGHT"===s?"is-highlighted":"";o.innerHTML=t?`\n
\n ${i}\n
\n `:`\n
\n ${i}\n
\n `,"BOTTOM"===n?(o.style.marginTop="30px",document.body.appendChild(o)):document.body.prepend(o)}loading(e){let t="a few";e>0&&(t=`${e}`),this.message(`\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n
\n \n `)}adBlockMessage(){this.message("\n

Ad block detected

\n Please disable your ad blocker and reload the page.\n ")}errorParkingUnavailable(){this.message("\n

An Error Occurred

\n

Parking is currently unavailable. We'll be right back.

\n ")}errorParkingServicesDisabled(){this.message("\n

An Error Occurred

\n

Services for this domain name have been disabled.

\n ")}errorParkingNoSponsors(e){this.message(`\n
\n No sponsors\n
\n \n ${window.location.hostname} currently does not have any sponsors for you.\n \n `,e)}imprint(e){if(!e)return;const t=document.querySelector("#imprint-text");t&&(t.innerHTML=e.replace(/(?:\r\n|\r|\n)/g,"
"))}injectStyles(e){if(!e)return;const t=document.createElement("style");t.innerHTML=e.toString(),document.head.appendChild(t)}injectScript(e){if(!e)return;const t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=e,document.body.appendChild(t)}injectJS(js){js&&0!==js.length&&eval(js)}injectHTML(e){this.domNode?(e&&(this.domNode.innerHTML=e),this.domIsReady=!0):(this.domIsReady=!1,console.error("An error occurred when trying to render this page. DOM node not found."))}prerender(e){this.injectMetaDescription(e.domain),this.injectHTML(e.html)}template(e){var t;this.domIsReady||this.prerender(e),this.injectStyles(e.stylesheet),this.imprint(e.imprint),this.salesBanner(e.salesBanner),this.injectJS(e.javascript),null===(t=e.scripts)||void 0===t||t.forEach((e=>{this.injectScript(e)}))}}const Render=new Renderer(APP_TARGET);var Type;!function(e){e[e.Failed=0]="Failed",e[e.Disabled=1]="Disabled",e[e.Redirect=2]="Redirect",e[e.Parking=3]="Parking",e[e.Sales=4]="Sales"}(Type||(Type={}));let State$2=class{get trackingType(){return this._trackingType}set trackingType(e){this._trackingType=e}get track(){return!!this.trackingType}};class Disabled extends State$2{constructor(){super(...arguments),this.type=Type.Disabled}static build(e,t){let n;switch(t===Blocking.BLOCKED&&(n="adblocker"),e.cannotPark){case"disabled_mr":case"disabled_rc":n=e.cannotPark}if(n){const t=new Disabled;return t.reason=n,t.domain=e.domainName,t}}get message(){switch(this.reason){case"adblocker":return"

Content blocked

Please turn off your ad blocker.";case"disabled_mr":return`

Invalid URL

Referral traffic for ${this.domain} does not meet requirements.`;default:return`

No sponsors

${this.domain} currently does not have any sponsors for you.`}}get trackingType(){switch(this.reason){case"adblocker":return"ad_blocked_message";case"disabled_mr":return"invalid_referral";case"disabled_rc":return"revenue_cap_reached";default:return"no_sponsors_message"}}toContext(){return{cannotPark:this.reason}}}class Failed extends State$2{constructor(){super(...arguments),this.type=Type.Failed}static cannotPark({cannotPark:e}){switch(e){case"disabled_b":case"prohibited_ua":case"disabled_fr":case"revenue_cap_reached":case"disabled_mr":case"disabled_rc":case"disabled_cp":case"invalid_domain":{const t=new Failed;return t.reason=e,t}}}static noSponsors({cannotLoadAds:e}){if(e){const e=new Failed;return e.reason="no_sponsors",e}}static fromError(e){const t=new Failed;return t.reason="js_error",t.error=e,t}get track(){return!!this.trackingType}get message(){switch(this.reason){case"disabled_fr":case"disabled_rc":case"no_sponsors":return`\n

No Sponsors

\n

${this.domain} currently does not have any sponsors for you.

`;case"disabled_mr":return`\n

Invalid URL

\n

Referral traffic for ${this.domain} does not meet requirements.

`;case"js_error":return"\n

An Error Occurred

\n

Parking is currently unavailable. We'll be right back.

\n ";default:return"\n

An Error Occurred

\n

Services for this domain name have been disabled.

\n "}}get trackingType(){switch(this.reason){case"disabled_rc":return"revenue_cap_reached";case"disabled_mr":return"invalid_referral";case"adblock":return"ad_blocked_message";case"no_sponsors":return"no_sponsors_message"}}get domain(){return window.location.hostname}toContext(){return{cannotPark:this.reason}}}function unpackPHPArrayObject(e,t){const n=e[t];if(n&&!Array.isArray(n))return n}class Parking extends State$2{constructor(){super(...arguments),this.type=Type.Parking}static build(e,t){const n=new Parking;n.domain=e.domainName,n.html=e.template,n.scripts=e.scripts||[],n.javascript=e.inlineJs,n.stylesheet=e.styles,n.imprint=e.imprintText;const i=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"salesSettings"),s=(null==i?void 0:i.status)&&"NOT_FOR_SALE"!==(null==i?void 0:i.status);if(s){const{status:e,location:t,message:s,link:a,type:o}=i;n.salesBanner={message:s,href:a,position:t,theme:o,status:e}}return t.wantsToServeAds?n.trackingType="ctr":s&&window.location.pathname.startsWith("/listing")?n.trackingType="sales":n.trackingType="visit",n}toContext(){return{}}}class Sales extends State$2{constructor(){super(...arguments),this.type=Type.Sales}static build(e){const t=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"salesSettings");if(!t)return;const{status:n}=t;return["NOT_FOR_SALE","EXTERNAL_MARKET","URL"].includes(n)?void 0:window.location.pathname.startsWith("/listing")?new Sales:void 0}toContext(){return{}}get trackingType(){return"sales"}init(e){window.context=e;const t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=SALES_JS_URL,document.head.append(t)}}class Redirect extends State$2{constructor(){super(...arguments),this.type=Type.Redirect}static build(e,t,n){const i=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"salesSettings"),{zeroClickDelay:s,skenzoRedirect:a,skenzoUrl:o,showInquiryForm:r,canZeroClick:d,cannotPark:c}=e;if(window.location.pathname.startsWith("/listing")&&["EXTERNAL_MARKET","URL"].includes(null==i?void 0:i.status)){if(null==i?void 0:i.external)return Redirect.toState(i.external,"sales");if(null==i?void 0:i.link)return Redirect.toState(i.link,"sales")}if(n.cannotLoadAds&&n.wantsToServeAds)return Redirect.toState(n.noAdsRedirectUrl,"no_ads_redirect");if(d&&(null==t?void 0:t.reason)){if(null==t?void 0:t.redirect)return Redirect.toState(t.redirect,"zc_redirect",s);if(a&&o)return Redirect.toState(o,"skenzo_redirect")}return(null==i?void 0:i.status)&&"NOT_FOR_SALE"!==(null==i?void 0:i.status)&&(n.cannotLoadAds||n.cannotLoadAds&&!d||r)?Redirect.toState(`${window.location.origin}/listing`):void 0}static toState(e,t,n=0){const i=new Redirect;return i.url=e,i.delay=n,i.trackingType=t,i}toContext(){return{}}}const browserState=()=>{var e,t,n,i,s;const{screen:{width:a,height:o},self:r,top:d,matchMedia:c,opener:l}=window,{documentElement:{clientWidth:h,clientHeight:u}}=document;let p;try{p=(new Date).getTimezoneOffset()/60*-1}catch(e){p=null}return{popup:!(!l||l===window),timezone_offset:p,user_preference:null===(e=null===Intl||void 0===Intl?void 0:Intl.DateTimeFormat())||void 0===e?void 0:e.resolvedOptions(),user_using_darkmode:Boolean(c&&c("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches),user_supports_darkmode:Boolean(c),window_resolution:{width:null!=h?h:0,height:null!=u?u:0},screen_resolution:{width:null!=a?a:0,height:null!=o?o:0},frame:d===r?null:{innerWidth:null!==(t=null==r?void 0:r.innerWidth)&&void 0!==t?t:0,innerHeight:null!==(n=null==r?void 0:r.innerHeight)&&void 0!==n?n:0,outerWidth:null!==(i=null==r?void 0:r.outerWidth)&&void 0!==i?i:0,outerHeight:null!==(s=null==r?void 0:r.outerHeight)&&void 0!==s?s:0}}},TRACKING_URL="_tr",buildSignature=({callbacks:e,context:t},n)=>{var i,s,a,o;return Object.assign({ad_loaded_callback:null==e?void 0:e.adLoadedCallback,app_version:version,caf_client_id:null===(i=null==t?void 0:t.pageOptions)||void 0===i?void 0:i.pubId,caf_timed_out:null==e?void 0:e.cafTimedOut,caf_loaded_ms:null==e?void 0:e.cafLoadedMs,channel:null===(s=null==t?void 0:t.pageOptions)||void 0===s?void 0:s.channel,desktop:t.desktop,terms:null===(a=null==t?void 0:t.pageOptions)||void 0===a?void 0:a.terms,fd_server_datetime:t.fd_server_datetime,fd_server:t.fd_server,flex_rule:t.flex_rule,host:t.host,ip:t.ip,ivt:null===(o=null==t?void 0:t.pageOptions)||void 0===o?void 0:o.ivt,js_error:t.js_error,mobile:t.mobile,no_ads_redirect:t.noAdsRedirect,page_headers:t.page_headers,page_loaded_callback:null==e?void 0:e.pageLoadedCallback,page_method:t.page_method,page_request:t.page_request,page_time:t.page_time,page_url:t.page_url,reportable_channel:t.reportableChannel,reportable_style_id:t.reportableStyleId,tablet:t.tablet,template_id:t.templateId,type:n,user_has_ad_blocker:t.user_has_ad_blocker,user_id:t.userId,uuid:t.uuid,zeroclick:t.zeroClick},browserState())},trackVisit=({callbacks:e,context:t},n,i="")=>{const s=`${i}/${TRACKING_URL}`,a=i?"include":"same-origin",o=buildSignature({callbacks:e,context:t},n);let r={};"click"===n&&(r={click:"true",session:t.uuid,nc:Date.now().toString()}),fetch(s,{method:"POST",headers:{Accept:"application/json","Content-Type":"application/json"},credentials:a,body:JSON.stringify(Object.assign({signature:encode(o)},r))})};var State$1;!function(){if(!window.CustomEvent){function e(e,t){t=t||{bubbles:!1,cancelable:!1,detail:void 0};const n=document.createEvent("CustomEvent");return n.initCustomEvent(e,t.bubbles,t.cancelable,t.detail),n}e.prototype=window.Event.prototype,window.CustomEvent=e}}(),function(e){e[e.Pending=0]="Pending",e[e.Loaded=1]="Loaded",e[e.Failed=2]="Failed"}(State$1||(State$1={}));class Provider{constructor(e){this.timeoutSeconds=5,this.handlePixelEvent=e=>{switch(this.state){case State$1.Failed:break;case State$1.Pending:setTimeout((()=>this.handlePixelEvent(e)),100);break;case State$1.Loaded:this.onPixelEvent(e)}},this.watch=()=>{switch(this.state){case State$1.Loaded:case State$1.Failed:break;case State$1.Pending:this.isLoaded()?this.state=State$1.Loaded:this.isTimedOut()?this.state=State$1.Failed:setTimeout(this.watch,50)}},this.config=e,this.identifier&&this.identifier.length>0?(this.state=State$1.Pending,this.timeoutAt=new Date,this.timeoutAt.setSeconds(this.timeoutAt.getSeconds()+this.timeoutAfter()),this.injectPixel()):this.state=State$1.Failed}get identifier(){var e;return null===(e=this.config)||void 0===e?void 0:e.key}get pixelEvents(){var e;return null===(e=this.config)||void 0===e?void 0:e.pixel_events}injectPixel(){this.injectedAt||(this.injectedAt=new Date,this.inject(),this.watch())}inject(){const e=document.createElement("script");e.text=this.script,document.head.appendChild(e)}isTimedOut(){return+new Date>=+this.timeoutAt}timeoutAfter(){return this.timeoutSeconds}selectPixelEvents(e){if(Array.isArray(this.pixelEvents))return this.pixelEvents.filter((t=>"term-view"===t.trigger&&"visit"===e||(!(!["term-click","ad-view"].includes(t.trigger)||"ctr"!==e)||"ad-click"===t.trigger&&"click"===e)))}}class Facebook extends Provider{get script(){return`!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');fbq('init', '${this.identifier}');`}onPixelEvent(e){this.selectPixelEvents(e).forEach((e=>{e&&(e.custom?window.fbq("trackCustom",e.event):window.fbq("track",e.event))}))}isLoaded(){return!!window.fbq}}class Outbrain extends Provider{get script(){return`!function(_window, _document) {var OB_ADV_ID = '${this.identifier}';if (_window.obApi) {var toArray = function(object) {return Object.prototype.toString.call(object) === '[object Array]' ? object : [object];};_window.obApi.marketerId = toArray(_window.obApi.marketerId).concat(toArray(OB_ADV_ID));return;}var api = _window.obApi = function() {api.dispatch ? api.dispatch.apply(api, arguments) : api.queue.push(arguments);};api.version = '1.1';api.loaded = true;api.marketerId = OB_ADV_ID;api.queue = [];var tag = _document.createElement('script');tag.async = true;tag.src = '//amplify.outbrain.com/cp/obtp.js';tag.type = 'text/javascript';var script = _document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0];script.parentNode.insertBefore(tag, script);}(window, document);`}onPixelEvent(e){this.selectPixelEvents(e).forEach((e=>{e&&window.obApi("track",e.event)}))}isLoaded(){return!!window.obApi}}class Revcontent extends Provider{get script(){return""}inject(){const e=document.createElement("script");e.src="https://assets.revcontent.com/master/rev.js",document.head.appendChild(e)}onPixelEvent(e){this.selectPixelEvents(e).forEach((e=>{e&&window.rev("event",e.event)}))}isLoaded(){return!!window.rev}}class Taboola extends Provider{get script(){return"window._tfa = window._tfa || [];!function (t, f, a, x) {if (!document.getElementById(x)) {t.async = 1;t.src = a;t.id=x;f.parentNode.insertBefore(t, f);}}(document.createElement('script'),document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0],'//cdn.taboola.com/libtrc/unip/1451879/tfa.js','tb_tfa_script');"}onPixelEvent(e){this.selectPixelEvents(e).forEach((e=>{e&&window._tfa.push({notify:"event",name:e.event,id:e.pixel_id})}))}isLoaded(){return Array.isArray(window._tfa)}}class Tiktok extends Provider{constructor(e,t){super(e),this.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser=t}get script(){return`!function (w, d, t) {w.TiktokAnalyticsObject=t;var ttq=w[t]=w[t]||[];ttq.methods=["page","track","identify","instances","debug","on","off","once","ready","alias","group","enableCookie","disableCookie"],ttq.setAndDefer=function(t,e){t[e]=function(){t.push([e].concat(Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,0)))}};for(var i=0;i{e&&window.ttq.instance(this.identifier).track(e.event)}))}isLoaded(){return!!window.ttq}}const ADS_PARAM$1="?caf",MESSAGE_PREFIX="FSXDC,.aCS:",ALLOWED_ORIGINS=["https://www.google.com","https://www.adsensecustomsearchads.com","https://syndicatedsearch.goog","https://googleadservices.com"];class Pixels{static build(e){const t=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"pixel_tracking_data");if(t)return t.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser=e.is_ads,new Pixels(t)}constructor(e){this.onPixelEvent=e=>{const{detail:{type:t}}=e;switch(t){case"visit":case"ctr":case"click":this.providers.forEach((e=>e.handlePixelEvent(t)))}},this.providers=[new Facebook(e.facebook),new Tiktok(e.tiktok,e.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser),new Taboola(e.taboola),new Revcontent(e.revcontent),new Outbrain(e.outbrain)]}listenForEvents(){document.addEventListener("pixel",(e=>{this.onPixelEvent(e)}));window.onmessage=e=>{const{origin:t,data:n}=e;ALLOWED_ORIGINS.includes(t)&&(null==n?void 0:n.startsWith(MESSAGE_PREFIX))&&window.location.search.startsWith(ADS_PARAM$1)&&document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:{type:"click"}}))}}dispatchEvent(e){document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:e}))}}var State;!function(e){e[e.Pending=0]="Pending",e[e.Loaded=1]="Loaded",e[e.Failure=2]="Failure",e[e.TimedOut=3]="TimedOut",e[e.Errored=4]="Errored"}(State||(State={}));const CAF_SCRIPT_SRC=`https://www.google.com/adsense/domains/caf.js?${GOOGLE_MV3_URL_PARAMS}`,TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS);class StateMachine{constructor(){this.state=State.Pending}transitionTo(e){this.state=e}transitionFromPendingTo(e){this.done||(this.state=e)}get loaded(){return this.state===State.Loaded}get timedOut(){return this.state===State.TimedOut}get done(){return this.state!==State.Pending}}class Ads{constructor(e,t){this.state={script:new StateMachine,blocks:new StateMachine},this.blocksLoaded=[],this.injectScriptTags=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=CAF_SCRIPT_SRC,t.addEventListener("load",(()=>e(!0))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.body.appendChild(t),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS>0&&setTimeout((()=>e(!1)),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS)}))})),this.onPageLoaded=(e,t)=>{if(this.pageLoaded={requestAccepted:e,status:t},this.state.script.done)return;const n=null==t?void 0:t.error_code;n?(this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_pageloaderror_${n}`):this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Loaded)},this.onBlockLoaded=(e,t,n,i)=>{this.blocksLoaded.push({containerName:e,adsLoaded:t,isExperimentVariant:n,callbackOptions:i}),this.state.blocks.done||(t?this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Loaded):this.blocksLoaded.length>=this.blocks.length&&(this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_adloadfail_${e}`))},this.onTimeout=()=>{this.state.script.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut),this.state.blocks.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut)},this.blocks=e,this.options=t}get loaded(){return this.state.script.loaded&&!this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded)).includes(!1)}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{const n=performance.now();if(this.state.blocks.done)return this.cafLoadTime=Math.round(n-this.cafStartTime),void e();const i=this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded));i.includes(!1)||i.length>=this.blocks.length?e():setTimeout(t,50)};t()}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{const e=yield this.injectScriptTags();return this.cafStartTime=performance.now(),e&&void 0!==window.google?(new window.google.ads.domains.Caf(Object.assign(Object.assign({},this.options),{pageLoadedCallback:this.onPageLoaded,adLoadedCallback:this.onBlockLoaded}),...this.blocks),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS>0&&setTimeout(this.onTimeout,TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS),yield new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{this.state.script.done?e():setTimeout(t,10)};t()}))):void this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}catch(e){return void(this.error=e.toString())}}))}toCallbacks(){return{adLoadedCallback:this.blocksLoaded.slice(-1)[0],pageLoadedCallback:this.pageLoaded,cafTimedOut:this.state.script.timedOut||this.state.blocks.timedOut,cafLoadedMs:this.cafLoadTime,googleAdsFailure:!!this.failureReason}}toContext(){const e={cafScriptWasLoaded:this.state.script.loaded,cafScriptLoadTime:this.cafLoadTime,callbacks:this.toCallbacks};return this.error&&(e.js_error={message:this.error}),this.state.script.loaded||(e.zeroclick={reason:"googleAdsFailure"}),e}mockFailedState(){this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}}class TagManager{constructor(e){this.injected=!1,this.identifier=e}inject(){if(this.injected)return;if(!this.identifier)return;if("TEST"===this.identifier)return;const e=document.createElement("script");e.setAttribute("src",`https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=${this.identifier}`),document.head.appendChild(e),this.track(),this.injected=!0}track(){this.push("js",new Date),this.push("config",this.identifier)}push(e,t){window.dataLayer||(window.dataLayer=[]),window.dataLayer.push(arguments)}}const ADS_PARAM="caf",ADS_TRACKING_URL="_tr",BLOCKS_TYPE="ads",BLOCKS_CONTAINER="rs",KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS=["caf","query","afdToken","pcsa","nb","nm","nx","ny","is","clkt"];class Google{static build({pageOptions:e,preferredLanguage:t,blocks:n,googleAnalytics:i},s,a,o){let r={};e&&(r=Object.assign({},e),r.hl||(r.hl=t));let d=null==e?void 0:e.resultsPageBaseUrl;d||(d=window.location.origin);return new Google(s.uuid,n,r,i,d,o)}constructor(e,t,n,i,s,a){this._blocks=t,this._pageOptions=n,this.uuid=e,this._baseURL=new URL(s),this._signature=a,this.ads=new Ads(this.blocks,this.pageOptions),this.tagManager=new TagManager(i)}injectTagManager(){this.tagManager.inject()}injectAds(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){yield this.ads.inject()}))}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return this.ads.waitForBlocks()}))}get blocks(){return(this._blocks||[]).filter((e=>this.wantsToServeAds?e.type===BLOCKS_TYPE:e.container===BLOCKS_CONTAINER)).map((e=>{const t=this.baseURL;new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).forEach(((e,n)=>{t.searchParams.has(n)||t.searchParams.append(n,e)}));const n=Object.assign({},e);if(n.resultsPageBaseUrl=t.toString(),this.wantsToServeAds){const e=new URLSearchParams;e.append("click","true"),e.append("session",this.uuid);const t=Object.assign({},this._signature);delete t.ad_loaded_callback,delete t.caf_loaded_ms,delete t.caf_timed_out,delete t.flex_rule,delete t.frame,delete t.js_error,delete t.no_ads_redirect,delete t.page_headers,delete t.page_request,delete t.page_loaded_callback,delete t.popup,delete t.screen_resolution,delete t.user_has_ad_blocker,delete t.user_preference,delete t.user_supports_darkmode,delete t.user_using_darkmode,delete t.zeroclick,e.append("signature",encode(t)),n.clicktrackUrl=`${TRACKING_DOMAIN}${ADS_TRACKING_URL}?${e.toString()}`}return n}))}get baseURL(){const e=new URL(this._baseURL.origin);return e.searchParams.append(ADS_PARAM,"1"),this._baseURL.searchParams.forEach(((t,n)=>{e.searchParams.append(n,t)})),e}get pageOptions(){const e=Object.assign({},this._pageOptions);return Object.keys(this._pageOptions).forEach((t=>{t.startsWith("bodis")&&delete e[t]})),e}get cannotLoadAds(){return!this.ads.loaded}get wantsToServeAds(){return new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).has(ADS_PARAM)}get adsMode(){return this.ads.loaded&&this.wantsToServeAds}get adsReady(){return this.wantsToServeAds&&!this.cannotLoadAds}get noAdsRedirectUrl(){const e=new URLSearchParams(window.location.search);return KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS.forEach((t=>e.delete(t))),`${window.location.origin}?${e.toString()}`}get callbacks(){return this.ads.toCallbacks()}toContext(){return Object.assign({blocks:this.blocks,pageOptions:this.pageOptions},this.ads.toContext())}}class CookieConsentManager{constructor(){this.injectScriptTag=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.setAttribute("src",COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL),t.addEventListener("load",(()=>this.awaitConsent(e))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.head.appendChild(t)}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.injected||!COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL||isLocal()||(this.injected=yield this.injectScriptTag())}))}awaitConsent(e){let t=0;const n=setInterval((()=>{t+=1,20===t&&(clearInterval(n),e(!0)),void 0!==window.__tcfapi&&(window.addEventListener("ConsentActivity",(t=>{const{detail:{status:n}}=t;n&&e(!0)})),clearInterval(n))}),50)}}class App{main(){var e,t;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(this.parkResponse=decode(),this.findDomainResponse=yield getFindDomain(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,yield this.adblock.inject(),this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse,this.adblock,buildSignature({context:this.context,callbacks:null===(t=this.google)||void 0===t?void 0:t.callbacks},"click")),this.google.injectTagManager();const n=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google);Render.prerender(n),this.cookieConsentManager=new CookieConsentManager,yield this.cookieConsentManager.inject();let i=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse);if(i)return void(yield this.transitionToFailed(i,n));yield this.google.injectAds();let s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state);if(s)return void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s,n));const a=this.adblock.hasAdblocker();a&&this.adblock.handleAdblocked();const o=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse);if(o)return void(yield this.transitionToSales(o));this.eligibleForZeroClick&&(this.zeroClickResponse=yield getZeroClick(this.context));const r=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google);if(r)yield this.transitionToRedirect(r);else{if(a)return s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state),void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s,n));i=Failed.noSponsors(this.google),i?yield this.transitionToFailed(i,n):yield this.transitionToParking(n)}}))}transitionToParking(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),yield this.google.waitForBlocks(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToRedirect(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e;const t=this.track();Render.revealPage(),yield waiter(e.delay,(e=>Render.loading(e))),yield t,window.location.href=e.url,log(`➡ Redirecting [${e.url}]`)}))}transitionToFailed(e,t){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.injectJS(t.javascript),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToSales(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,e.init(this.context),yield this.track()}))}transitionToDisabled(e,t){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.injectJS(t.javascript),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}track(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(!this.state.track)return Promise.resolve();try{const t=this.state.trackingType;return null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)}catch(e){return}}))}get eligibleForZeroClick(){const{cannotPark:e,canZeroClick:t,zeroClick:n}=this.findDomainResponse,{cannotLoadAds:i,wantsToServeAds:s}=this.google;return this.adblock.state!==Blocking.BLOCKED&&(!!t&&(!!e||(!(!i||s)||!!(null==n?void 0:n.reason))))}get context(){var e,t,n,i;const s=this.findDomainResponse,a=this.parkResponse,o=null===(e=this.state)||void 0===e?void 0:e.toContext(),r=null===(t=this.adblock)||void 0===t?void 0:t.toContext(),d=null===(n=this.google)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext(),c=browserState(),l=Object.assign(Object.assign({},null===(i=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===i?void 0:i.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse);return Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign({app_version:APP_VERSION},s),a),r),d),o),c),{zeroClick:l})}init(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{window.__parkour=this,yield this.main()}catch(e){console.error("app",e);const t=Failed.fromError(e);this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage()}}))}}(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));