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The ls command by default displays the directory content in alphabetical order. To display it in reverse order, simply add the -r option to the command, as in the following example;

$ ls
Archive  Desktop  Documents  Misc  Music  Pictures  temp  Videos
$ ls -r
Videos  temp  Pictures  Music  Misc  Documents  Desktop  Archive

Linux administrators have few options when it comes to adding a new user to the system, from filling up forms in distribution / desktop environment specific nice GUIs, to running through the command line with options and switches. For the geeky administratorss, there are always configuration files that can manually be edited just for this purpose.

The 2 most common programs used to add a user are, adduser and useradd. They are both quite similar (heck, they do the same thing anyway, which is to add user of course), but are a bit different in their interactivity level.

Windows 7 has built in support to burn ISO images, and so no external CD/DVD burning program is required to burn the ISO file.

To burn the ISO file, run Windows Explorer by clicking both the <Win> (the button with the Windows logo) and <e> together, or double click on the My Computer icon on your desktop.

From there, find your ISO image and right-click on the file. You’ll get a menu similar to the screenshot below.

Make sure you have a blank CDR/CDRW/DVDR/DVDRW in your optical drive’s tray, and click on the Burn disc image option.

Now you can sit back and relax while waiting for your ISO image to be written to your optical disc.

KDE looks for programs in the ~/.kde/Autostart directory to be executed during it’s startup. The way to execute programs as KDE starts would be to;

1. Copy programs directly to the directory
2. Create (soft) link to programs from the directory
3. Create a script which will execute other programs

The first method is very straightforward, and the second method can be achieved using the ln command. The following example is to run superkaramba as KDE starts.

$ cd ~/.kde/Autostart/
$ ln -s /usr/bin/superkaramba mykaramba

The third option is my personal favorite, as it provides a great level of flexibility. The following is an example bash script placed in the ~/.kde/Autostart/ directory to run gpg-agent, export a variable, and start the program katapult and conky;

#!/bin/bash
 
/usr/bin/gpg-agent --daemon --use-standard-socket &
export GPG_AGENT_INFO=/home/shakir/.gnupg/S.gpg-agent
/usr/bin/katapult &
/usr/bin/conky &

Please make sure all programs are executable by running chmod, probably as the following example;

$ chmod +x ~/.kde/Autostart/*

The program used to display memory information is free. It displays usage information of both RAM and swap. Running it at the terminal will produce the following output;

$ free
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2571088    1605784     965304          0      48316     589324
-/+ buffers/cache:     968144    1602944
Swap:      4393768          0    4393768

By default the program outputs display in kilobyte’s unit. To have it in Megabyte, simply add -m to the parameter when running the program;

$ free -m
             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          2510       1568        942          0         47        575
-/+ buffers/cache:        945       1565
Swap:         4290          0       4290

PDF or Portable Document Format the most used and probably the de-facto file format for document exchange. The format was created by Adobe Systems back in 1993 and Adobe Systems produces Adobe Acrobat to create and edit PDF files.

While being the most powerful tool for the purpose, Adobe Acrobat doesn’t currently run natively in Linux. One good alternative for Linux users is PDFEdit.

PDFEdit is the most complete PDFEditor for Linux. It’s QT based and the functions are accessible through theGUI based editor. The editing operations can also be scripted using the ECMAScript.

The program is installable in Ubuntu and Debian with the following command;

$ sudo apt-get install pdfedit

When launched, users can edit PDF files almost the same way as using any other desktop publishing application.

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User in Ubuntu and other Linux distributions can be created from graphical and command-line tools.

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