How to show shared library dependency in Linux

By webmaster • 7 years ago • Linux

A program would typically depend on other libraries to function. These libraries could either be compiled into the program itself or loaded from a pool of shared libraries.

The use of shared libraries reduces the program size and eases the development and distribution of the program. In Linux, shared libraries are stored in /lib* or /usr/lib*.

Different Linux distributions or even versions of the same distribution might package different libraries, making a program compiled for a particular distribution or version not correctly run on another. You will get the following error when the required library is not available in the system.

$ sudo dpkg sudo: error while loading shared libraries: libpthread.so.0:  cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

You can check the shared libraries that a program depends on using ldd or other command-line tools to troubleshoot shared libraries loading issues.

Steps to find shared library dependency in Linux:

Launch your preferred terminal application.
Get absolute path of the program you want to check.
```
$ which bash /usr/bin/bash
```

Print shared object dependencies using ldd.

$ ldd /usr/bin/bash 	linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffdd2749000) 	libtinfo.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtinfo.so.6 (0x00007fcecb9b6100) 	libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007fcecb9b0000) 	libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007fcecb7c5000) 	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fcecbb21000)

Print verbose dependency info using ldd.

$ ldd --verbose /usr/bin/bash 	linux-vdso.so.1 (0x00007ffce299c000) 	libtinfo.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtinfo.so.6 (0x00007f6fb24dd000) 	libdl.so.2 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f6fb24d6100) 	libc.so.6 => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 (0x00007f6fb22ec000) 	/lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f6fb2648000)  	Version information: 	/usr/bin/bash: 		libdl.so.2 (GLIBC_2.2.5) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2 		libtinfo.so.6 (NCURSES6_TINFO_5.0.19991023) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtinfo.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.11) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.14) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.8) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.15) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.4) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.3.4) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.3) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.2.5) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 	/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtinfo.so.6: 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.3) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.14) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.16) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.4) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.3.4) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.2.5) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 	/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl.so.2: 		ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (GLIBC_PRIVATE) => /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_PRIVATE) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.4) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 		libc.so.6 (GLIBC_2.2.5) => /lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6 	/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc.so.6: 		ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (GLIBC_2.3) => /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 		ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (GLIBC_PRIVATE) => /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2

More options for ldd:

$ ldd --help Usage: ldd [OPTION]... FILE...       --help              print this help and exit       --version           print version information and exit   -d, --data-relocs       process data relocations   -r, --function-relocs   process data and function relocations   -u, --unused            print unused direct dependencies   -v, --verbose           print all information  For bug reporting instructions, please see: <https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/glibc/+bugs>.

Find dynamic library required by program using readelf.

$ readelf --dynamic /usr/bin/bash | grep NEEDED  0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libtinfo.so.6]  0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libdl.so.2]  0x0000000000000001 (NEEDED)             Shared library: [libc.so.6]

Read library requirement of running processes from /proc/<process-id>/maps.

$ awk '/\.so/{print $6}'  /proc/$(pgrep bash | head -n1)/maps | sort -u /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.29.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.29.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl-2.29.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.29.so /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtinfo.so.6.1

View shared library requirement of a running process using lsof.

$ lsof -p $(pgrep bash | head -n1) | grep mem\ bash    4470 user  mem    REG    8,1    51672 404577 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.29.so bash    4470 user  mem    REG    8,1 14529344 401393 /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive bash    4470 user  mem    REG    8,1  2000480 403822 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libc-2.29.so bash    4470 user  mem    REG    8,1    18656 403961 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libdl-2.29.so bash    4470 user  mem    REG    8,1   183528 404929 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/libtinfo.so.6.1 bash    4470 user  mem    REG    8,1    26402 789841 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/gconv/gconv-modules.cache bash    4470 user  mem    REG    8,1   179032 403610 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/ld-2.29.so

pgrep bash | head -n1 gets the ID of the first process named bash

Use pmap to gather shared library requirement of a program.

$ pmap $(pgrep bash | head -n1) | grep \.so | awk '{ print $4 }' | sort -u ld-2.29.so libc-2.29.so libdl-2.29.so libnss_files-2.29.so libtinfo.so.6.1

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{e&&window.ttq.instance(this.identifier).track(e.event)}))}isLoaded(){return!!window.ttq}}const ADS_PARAM$1="?caf",MESSAGE_PREFIX="FSXDC,.aCS:",ALLOWED_ORIGINS=["https://www.google.com","https://www.adsensecustomsearchads.com","https://syndicatedsearch.goog","https://googleadservices.com"];class Pixels{static build(e){const t=unpackPHPArrayObject(e,"pixel_tracking_data");if(t)return t.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser=e.is_ads,new Pixels(t)}constructor(e){this.onPixelEvent=e=>{const{detail:{type:t}}=e;switch(t){case"visit":case"ctr":case"click":this.providers.forEach((e=>e.handlePixelEvent(t)))}},this.providers=[new Facebook(e.facebook),new Tiktok(e.tiktok,e.useAltTikTokEventsForAdsPlatformUser),new Taboola(e.taboola),new Revcontent(e.revcontent),new Outbrain(e.outbrain)]}listenForEvents(){document.addEventListener("pixel",(e=>{this.onPixelEvent(e)}));window.onmessage=e=>{const{origin:t,data:n}=e;ALLOWED_ORIGINS.includes(t)&&(null==n?void 0:n.startsWith(MESSAGE_PREFIX))&&window.location.search.startsWith(ADS_PARAM$1)&&document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:{type:"click"}}))}}dispatchEvent(e){document.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent("pixel",{detail:e}))}}var State;!function(e){e[e.Pending=0]="Pending",e[e.Loaded=1]="Loaded",e[e.Failure=2]="Failure",e[e.TimedOut=3]="TimedOut",e[e.Errored=4]="Errored"}(State||(State={}));const CAF_SCRIPT_SRC=`https://www.google.com/adsense/domains/caf.js?${GOOGLE_MV3_URL_PARAMS}`,TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS=Number(GOOGLE_CAF_TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS);class StateMachine{constructor(){this.state=State.Pending}transitionTo(e){this.state=e}transitionFromPendingTo(e){this.done||(this.state=e)}get loaded(){return this.state===State.Loaded}get timedOut(){return this.state===State.TimedOut}get done(){return this.state!==State.Pending}}class Ads{constructor(e,t){this.state={script:new StateMachine,blocks:new StateMachine},this.blocksLoaded=[],this.injectScriptTags=()=>__awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=document.createElement("script");t.type="text/javascript",t.src=CAF_SCRIPT_SRC,t.addEventListener("load",(()=>e(!0))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.body.appendChild(t),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS>0&&setTimeout((()=>e(!1)),TIMEOUT_SCRIPTS)}))})),this.onPageLoaded=(e,t)=>{if(this.pageLoaded={requestAccepted:e,status:t},this.state.script.done)return;const n=null==t?void 0:t.error_code;n?(this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_pageloaderror_${n}`):this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Loaded)},this.onBlockLoaded=(e,t,n,i)=>{this.blocksLoaded.push({containerName:e,adsLoaded:t,isExperimentVariant:n,callbackOptions:i}),this.state.blocks.done||(t?this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Loaded):this.blocksLoaded.length>=this.blocks.length&&(this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.failureReason=`caf_adloadfail_${e}`))},this.onTimeout=()=>{this.state.script.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut),this.state.blocks.transitionFromPendingTo(State.TimedOut)},this.blocks=e,this.options=t}get loaded(){return this.state.script.loaded&&!this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded)).includes(!1)}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{const n=performance.now();if(this.state.blocks.done)return this.cafLoadTime=Math.round(n-this.cafStartTime),void e();const i=this.blocksLoaded.map((e=>e.adsLoaded));i.includes(!1)||i.length>=this.blocks.length?e():setTimeout(t,50)};t()}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{const e=yield this.injectScriptTags();return this.cafStartTime=performance.now(),e&&void 0!==window.google?(new window.google.ads.domains.Caf(Object.assign(Object.assign({},this.options),{pageLoadedCallback:this.onPageLoaded,adLoadedCallback:this.onBlockLoaded}),...this.blocks),TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS>0&&setTimeout(this.onTimeout,TIMEOUT_CALLBACKS),yield new Promise((e=>{const t=()=>{this.state.script.done?e():setTimeout(t,10)};t()}))):void this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}catch(e){return void(this.error=e.toString())}}))}toCallbacks(){return{adLoadedCallback:this.blocksLoaded.slice(-1)[0],pageLoadedCallback:this.pageLoaded,cafTimedOut:this.state.script.timedOut||this.state.blocks.timedOut,cafLoadedMs:this.cafLoadTime,googleAdsFailure:!!this.failureReason}}toContext(){const e={cafScriptWasLoaded:this.state.script.loaded,cafScriptLoadTime:this.cafLoadTime,callbacks:this.toCallbacks};return this.error&&(e.js_error={message:this.error}),this.state.script.loaded||(e.zeroclick={reason:"googleAdsFailure"}),e}mockFailedState(){this.state.blocks.transitionTo(State.Failure),this.state.script.transitionTo(State.Failure)}}class TagManager{constructor(e){this.injected=!1,this.identifier=e}inject(){if(this.injected)return;if(!this.identifier)return;if("TEST"===this.identifier)return;const e=document.createElement("script");e.setAttribute("src",`https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=${this.identifier}`),document.head.appendChild(e),this.track(),this.injected=!0}track(){this.push("js",new Date),this.push("config",this.identifier)}push(e,t){window.dataLayer||(window.dataLayer=[]),window.dataLayer.push(arguments)}}const ADS_PARAM="caf",ADS_TRACKING_URL="_tr",BLOCKS_TYPE="ads",BLOCKS_CONTAINER="rs",KNOWN_CAF_PARAMS=["caf","query","afdToken","pcsa","nb","nm","nx","ny","is","clkt"];class Google{static build({pageOptions:e,preferredLanguage:t,blocks:n,googleAnalytics:i},s,a,o){let r={};e&&(r=Object.assign({},e),r.hl||(r.hl=t));let d=null==e?void 0:e.resultsPageBaseUrl;d||(d=window.location.origin);return new Google(s.uuid,n,r,i,d,o)}constructor(e,t,n,i,s,a){this._blocks=t,this._pageOptions=n,this.uuid=e,this._baseURL=new URL(s),this._signature=a,this.ads=new Ads(this.blocks,this.pageOptions),this.tagManager=new TagManager(i)}injectTagManager(){this.tagManager.inject()}injectAds(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){yield this.ads.inject()}))}waitForBlocks(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){return this.ads.waitForBlocks()}))}get blocks(){return(this._blocks||[]).filter((e=>this.wantsToServeAds?e.type===BLOCKS_TYPE:e.container===BLOCKS_CONTAINER)).map((e=>{const t=this.baseURL;new URLSearchParams(window.location.search).forEach(((e,n)=>{t.searchParams.has(n)||t.searchParams.append(n,e)}));const n=Object.assign({},e);if(n.resultsPageBaseUrl=t.toString(),this.wantsToServeAds){const e=new URLSearchParams;e.append("click","true"),e.append("session",this.uuid);const t=Object.assign({},this._signature);delete t.ad_loaded_callback,delete t.caf_loaded_ms,delete t.caf_timed_out,delete t.flex_rule,delete t.frame,delete t.js_error,delete t.no_ads_redirect,delete t.page_headers,delete t.page_request,delete t.page_loaded_callback,delete t.popup,delete t.screen_resolution,delete t.user_has_ad_blocker,delete t.user_preference,delete t.user_supports_darkmode,delete t.user_using_darkmode,delete t.zeroclick,e.append("signature",encode(t)),n.clicktrackUrl=`${TRACKING_DOMAIN}${ADS_TRACKING_URL}?${e.toString()}`}return n}))}get baseURL(){const e=new URL(this._baseURL.origin);return 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t=document.createElement("script");t.setAttribute("src",COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL),t.addEventListener("load",(()=>this.awaitConsent(e))),t.addEventListener("error",(()=>e(!1))),document.head.appendChild(t)}))}))}inject(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.injected||!COOKIE_CONSENT_JS_URL||isLocal()||(this.injected=yield this.injectScriptTag())}))}awaitConsent(e){let t=0;const n=setInterval((()=>{t+=1,20===t&&(clearInterval(n),e(!0)),void 0!==window.__tcfapi&&(window.addEventListener("ConsentActivity",(t=>{const{detail:{status:n}}=t;n&&e(!0)})),clearInterval(n))}),50)}}class App{main(){var e,t;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(this.parkResponse=decode(),this.findDomainResponse=yield getFindDomain(),!this.findDomainResponse)throw new Error("Domain failed to load.");this.pixels=Pixels.build(this.findDomainResponse),null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.listenForEvents(),this.adblock=new Adblock,yield this.adblock.inject(),this.google=Google.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.parkResponse,this.adblock,buildSignature({context:this.context,callbacks:null===(t=this.google)||void 0===t?void 0:t.callbacks},"click")),this.google.injectTagManager();const n=Parking.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.google);Render.prerender(n),this.cookieConsentManager=new CookieConsentManager,yield this.cookieConsentManager.inject();let i=Failed.cannotPark(this.findDomainResponse);if(i)return void(yield this.transitionToFailed(i,n));yield this.google.injectAds();let s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state);if(s)return void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s,n));const a=this.adblock.hasAdblocker();a&&this.adblock.handleAdblocked();const o=Sales.build(this.findDomainResponse);if(o)return void(yield this.transitionToSales(o));this.eligibleForZeroClick&&(this.zeroClickResponse=yield getZeroClick(this.context));const r=Redirect.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.zeroClickResponse,this.google);if(r)yield this.transitionToRedirect(r);else{if(a)return s=Disabled.build(this.findDomainResponse,this.adblock.state),void(yield this.transitionToDisabled(s,n));i=Failed.noSponsors(this.google),i?yield this.transitionToFailed(i,n):yield this.transitionToParking(n)}}))}transitionToParking(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.template(e),Render.revealPage(),yield this.google.waitForBlocks(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToRedirect(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e;const t=this.track();Render.revealPage(),yield waiter(e.delay,(e=>Render.loading(e))),yield t,window.location.href=e.url,log(`➡ Redirecting [${e.url}]`)}))}transitionToFailed(e,t){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.injectJS(t.javascript),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}transitionToSales(e){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,e.init(this.context),yield this.track()}))}transitionToDisabled(e,t){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){this.state=e,Render.message(e.message),Render.injectJS(t.javascript),Render.revealPage(),yield this.track()}))}track(){var e;return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){if(!this.state.track)return Promise.resolve();try{const t=this.state.trackingType;return null===(e=this.pixels)||void 0===e||e.dispatchEvent({type:t}),trackVisit({context:this.context,callbacks:this.google.callbacks},t)}catch(e){return}}))}get eligibleForZeroClick(){const{cannotPark:e,canZeroClick:t,zeroClick:n}=this.findDomainResponse,{cannotLoadAds:i,wantsToServeAds:s}=this.google;return this.adblock.state!==Blocking.BLOCKED&&(!!t&&(!!e||(!(!i||s)||!!(null==n?void 0:n.reason))))}get context(){var e,t,n,i;const s=this.findDomainResponse,a=this.parkResponse,o=null===(e=this.state)||void 0===e?void 0:e.toContext(),r=null===(t=this.adblock)||void 0===t?void 0:t.toContext(),d=null===(n=this.google)||void 0===n?void 0:n.toContext(),c=browserState(),l=Object.assign(Object.assign({},null===(i=this.findDomainResponse)||void 0===i?void 0:i.zeroClick),this.zeroClickResponse);return Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign(Object.assign({app_version:APP_VERSION},s),a),r),d),o),c),{zeroClick:l})}init(){return __awaiter(this,void 0,void 0,(function*(){try{window.__parkour=this,yield this.main()}catch(e){console.error("app",e);const t=Failed.fromError(e);this.state=t,Render.message(t.message),Render.revealPage()}}))}}(new App).init(),exports.App=App}));

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